Biology Unit 3 Study Guide: Cellular Processes – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

By Athena on 9 Nov 2021 • ( 13 Comments )

Biology Unit 3 Study Guide: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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All living things obtain and use energy…

How do plants convert energy from the sun into food for energy?

Trace the path of energy from the sun to glucose.

Sun –> Energy is captured in leaves by chlorophyll inside the organelle chloroplasts. –> Energy is captured by electrons and carried in ATP and NADPH. –> The high-energy electrons are used to build molecules the cell need like glucose.

What do plants need in order to undergo photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis within chloroplasts is divided into two phases:

1) Light Reactions (occurs in the thylakoid disk)

i) Electrons excited by the sun are carried by ATP and NADPH to where the next phase occurs. ii) (a) H₂O breaks apart to replace the missing electron from the chlorophyll. This is called photolysis and releases (b) oxygen into the air.

2) Calvin Cycle (occurs in the stroma)

i) Using energy from the electrons, molecule of (c) CO₂ join together to form (d) glucose.

Complete the equation for photosynthesis using the exercise above:

sunlight + (a) H₂O + (c) CO₂ –> (b) oxygen + (d) glucose

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How do the reactants get to the chloroplasts inside a plant?

Most SUNLIGHT is captured by chloroplasts found in the C) palisade mesophyll.
WATER gets into the leaf through the xylem, NOT through A) epidermis because of the water-proof B) cuticle.
CARBON DIOXIDE enters the leaf through the F) stomata, which also allows water and oxygen to leave the leaf. This opening is controlled by E) guard cells. When there is little water available, it is usually closed to conserve water.

How is energy released from glucose into a form of energy the cell can use?

Cells need to get energy in the form of ATP in order to use it. The conversion of food (glucose) into ATP occurs in the organelle mitochondria. This process is CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

Trace the path of energy from glucose to ATP.

Glucose contains energy. –> Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules and energy is captured by ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH₂. –> Electron carriers drop off high-energy electrons to produce usable energy in the form of ATP.

The energy found in ATP is released when the bond between 2^nd and 3^rd phosphate is broken.

What do plants AND animals need to undergo cellular respiration?

Cellular Respiration is divided into three phases:

1) glycolysis

i) (a) glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid so it can pass into the mitochondria. ii) 2 ATP created

2) Krebs cycle

i) Energy is captured by ATP and electron carriers high-energy electrons electron transport chain NADH and FADH₂.

ii) (b) CO₂ is released as by-product.

3) Electron Transport Chain

i) Electron carriers drop off high energy electrons which are passed down to (c) oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

ii)(c) oxygen joins with H⁺ to form (d) water.

iii) LOTS of (e)ATP are made.

Complete the equation for cellular respiration using the exercise above:

(a)C₆H₁₂O₆ + (c)O₂ –> (b)CO₂ + (d) H₂O + (e)energy in the form of ATP

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What happens when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration?

If oxygen is not available, then the electron carriers NADH and FADH₂ are unable to release their electrons and pick up more. When this happens, the process of the

Kreb cycle and electron transport chain cannot make ATP.

In order to continue making ATP without oxygen, some cells can switch to a process called fermentation. This relies on glycolysis to make ATP. Yeast and bacteria will then convert pyruvic acid to ethanol and CO2 while muscle cells in animals will convert it into lactic acid in order to regenerate NAD+.

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