Hi there, my friends! In this lesson, we explore aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation as two common heart conditions that affect the aortic valve, which controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. While both conditions involve the aortic valve, they differ in their underlying causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Hello, my friends! In this lesson, we explore the four types of heart block. Heart block, also known as atrioventricular (AV) block, is a condition where there is a disruption in the electrical signals between the atria and ventricles of the heart. This can lead to a slower or irregular heartbeat, which can cause various symptoms and complications. There are four types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree type 1 (Wenckebach), second-degree type 2 (Mobitz II), and third-degree (complete) heart block. In this essay, we will compare and contrast the four types of heart block, including their ECG patterns, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage are all types of intracranial bleeding that can occur due to various reasons, including head injury, stroke, or aneurysm. While these conditions share some similarities in terms of symptoms and treatment, there are also significant differences between them that can affect their diagnosis and prognosis.
In our fast-paced lives, maintaining high energy levels and a positive mood is essential for overall well-being and happiness. While various factors contribute to our energy levels and mood, nutrition plays a crucial role. Certain foods are known for their ability to provide sustained energy, boost mood, and enhance overall happiness. In this essay, we delve into the top 25 foods that can fuel your vitality, uplift your spirits, and contribute to a more fulfilling life.
Hi friends! Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for overall well-being and longevity. However, embarking on a weight loss journey can be daunting without the right guidance. With an abundance of information available, it’s essential to focus on sustainable, evidence-based practices to achieve healthy and successful weight loss. Here are the top 20 health and wellness tips to guide you towards your weight loss goals.
In the quest for a vibrant and fulfilling life, the significance of nutrition cannot be overstated. A well-balanced diet, rich in nutrient-dense foods, not only nourishes the body but also uplifts the spirit. Over time, certain foods have earned the title of “superfoods” for their exceptional health-promoting properties. In this essay, we explore the top 20 superfoods that contribute to a healthy and joyous existence, fostering longevity and vitality.
In the quest for overall well-being, incorporating a diverse range of nutrient-dense foods into your diet is a key strategy. These foods not only support physical health but also contribute to sustained energy levels and an enhanced sense of happiness. Let’s explore the top 25 healthy and nutritious foods that serve as cornerstones for a vibrant and fulfilling life.
Happy New Year! As we step into a brand-new year, it’s the perfect time to embrace positive changes for a healthier, happier you. This article lists 25 practical and enjoyable ways to enhance your well-being through mindful nutrition, invigorating exercise, stress reduction, and overall happiness. Let’s dive into a world of wellness and make 2024 your healthiest year yet!
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include Biosignaling, Membrane Receptors, Signal Transduction, Ligand Gated Ion Channels vs G Protein Coupled Receptors vs Enzyme Linked Receptors
Check out our popular nervous system notes.
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system, gray and white matter, upper motor neurons, and somatosensory tract.
Hello my lovely friends! And Happy Heart Month! In this lesson, we explore the circulatory system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will continue to explore the awesome heart! Topics include inflammatory conditions of the heart: Endocarditis vs Myocarditis vs Pericarditis – Structure of the Layers of the Heart, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis.
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include the Early Methods vs Modern Ways of Studying the Brain, Brain Imaging – CT vs MRI vs EEG vs fMRI vs PET Scans. Check out our popular nervous system notes.
Love is in the air, my friends! In this lesson, we explore the circulatory system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome heart! Topics include Systemic vs Pulmonary Flow, Heart Blood Flow Steps, Endocardium vs Myocardium vs Pericardium, and Systole vs Diastole.
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include Neuronal Synapses, Structure of Synapses, Types of Neurotransmitters: Glutamate vs GABA vs Glycine vs Acetylcholine vs Catecholamine, Neurotransmitter Mechanism of Action, Release, Removal, and Neuroplasticity.
Check out our popular nervous system notes.
In this quick and easy lesson guide, learn about cell biology – the function and biogenesis of cellular membranes. Explain the metabolic and protein biosynthetic functions of the endoplasmic reticulum. Define key metabolic functions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include Neuron Resting Potential vs Graded Potential vs Action Potential, Axon Capacitance, Action Potential Patterns, and Demyelination Diseases: Guillain-Barre Syndrome vs Multiple Sclerosis .
Check out our popular nervous system notes.
In this lesson, we explore the nervous system and share notes as part of the study guide series. We will explore the awesome brain and nerves! Topics include the Early Types of Neural Cells, Structure and Function, Astrocytes vs Microglia vs Ependymal Cells vs Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann Cells. Check out our popular nervous system notes.
B-Cell Development Stages. stem cell –> early pro-B cell –> late pro-B cell –> large pre-B cell –> [1st checkpoint – selects for functional heavy chains] –> small pre-B cell –> [2nd checkpoint – select for functional light chains] –> Immature B cell (has surface IgM, no surface IgD). Somatic recombination is the process in which different individual gene segments of the H (heavy) chain combine with rearranged gene segments of the L (light) chain. The enzymes responsible for somatic recombination are the recombinase enzymes (RAG-1 and RAG-2) that recognize specific sequences (RSS) or recombination signal sequences. RAG-1 and RAG-2 are only expressed in B or T lymphocytes. These specific sequences recognized by the RAG-1 or RAG-2 enzymes are either a 1) heptamer or 2) nonamer. The heptamer literally contains 7 nucleotides, and the nonamer literally contains 9 nucleotides. There are typically 12 or 23 nucleotides in between the heptamer and nonamer to separate them.
In this study guide, we review anemia, types of anemia, formulas, vocabulary, heme breakdown, and anemia of chronic diseases.
In this quick and easy guide, learn about Gastrointestinal System: Pathophysiology of Diseases and Cancers [Biology, MCAT, USMLE]. Topics include hepatobiliary disease, understanding liver functions and cirrhosis, liver function tests, causes of liver injury, alcoholic hepatitis, NAFLD, NASH, viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, hereditary hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, PSC, PBC, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, Crohn’s disease vs Ulcerative Colitis, and more.
Drugs for TB: What drugs treat tuberculosis TB? In this quick and easy lesson, we will explain the main drugs -rifamycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin – that treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis or TB and provide study aid mnemonics to aid in your USMLE learning.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the joints of hands, feet, knees, etc. In this quick and easy lesson, we explain the standard medical treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis at the USMLE immunology level, including DMARDS (synthetics and biologics), NSAIDS, and glucocorticoids.
In this quick and easy biology final exam study guide, we share our notes and review the circulatory, respiratory, and lymphatic systems in the following 3 sections. From the anatomy of the heart and blood flow in the circulatory system to the breaths we take traveling through the lung and lymphatic flow.
In this educational lesson, we learn about the purpose of gel electrophoresis and how gel electrophoresis works. Gel electrophoresis in a method of separating DNA. It can be used to separate the size of DNA, RNA, and protein. You first start with a variety of different fragments of DNA all mixed together. The gel is a porous matrix like a sponge and separates the DNA based on two main things: 1) size and 2) charge. The charge on DNA is what makes it move through the gel. DNA is a negatively charged molecule, so it will move towards a positive charge.
Retroviruses are a class of viruses that not only infect host cells but also integrate their genetic material into the host genome, establishing a permanent infection that cannot be cured. The most common retrovirus is the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, which targets and destroys helper T-cells.
![Central Chemoreceptor vs Peripheral Chemoreceptor in Respiration [Biology, MCAT, USMLE]](https://i0.wp.com/moosmosis.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/respiratory-control_med.jpeg?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1)
![Heart Block: First Degree vs Second Degree (Type I and Type 2) vs Third Degree - ECG Findings, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis [MCAT, USMLE, Biology, Medicine]](https://i0.wp.com/moosmosis.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/heart_block.png?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1)
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